Blood pressure

Julen Lux Baranano

edited by

Julius Loges,

1. Definition

Blood pressure (BP) refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels, primarily the arteries. It is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health, reflecting how effectively the heart pumps blood and how well the blood vessels accommodate this flow.

2. Measurement and Units

Blood pressure is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is represented by two values:

Systolic Blood Pressure: The higher number, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood.

Diastolic Blood Pressure: The lower number, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.

For example, a reading of 120/80 mmHg means a systolic pressure of 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg, which is considered a normal blood pressure level for adults.

3. Regulation

Blood pressure is regulated by several physiological mechanisms:

Heart rate and cardiac output: The heart’s pumping efficiency directly influences blood pressure.

Vascular resistance: The diameter of blood vessels affects the resistance to blood flow, thus influencing blood pressure.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This hormonal system plays a crucial role in blood volume and vascular tone, helping to maintain long-term blood pressure stability.

Baroreceptors: These are pressure-sensitive nerve endings in the arteries that help detect changes in blood pressure and signal the brain to adjust accordingly.

4. Types

Normal: Generally defined as a systolic BP below 120 mmHg and diastolic BP below 80 mmHg.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): A sustained elevation of blood pressure above 130/80 mmHg.

Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure): Characterized by blood pressure lower than 90/60 mmHg.

5. Influencing Factors

Age: Blood pressure tends to rise with age due to decreased elasticity of the arteries.
Diet: High salt intake, excessive alcohol consumption, and insufficient potassium can increase blood pressure.
Exercise: Regular physical activity helps maintain healthy blood pressure levels.
Stress: Chronic stress can lead to temporary or sustained increases in blood pressure.
Genetics: A family history of hypertension can increase an individual’s risk of developing high blood pressure.

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Last edit:

2024-12-26 19:23:26

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