1. Definition
The Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development model is a psychological framework that describes human psychosocial growth. At its core, this model focuses on the development of an individual’s ego-identity, marked by a feeling of internal cohesion and consistency throughout life. Erikson suggests that this development process involves navigating and resolving various psychosocial challenges.
A psychosocial crisis marks a pivotal moment, acting as a critical phase. It involves heightened vulnerability on one side, but also offers greater opportunities for development and personal growth on the other.
2. Stages
Erikson’s model outlines eight stages of development, each characterized by a specific crisis that individuals are expected to navigate as they grow. Successfully resolving each stage’s crisis lays the groundwork for tackling the challenges in the next stage. Erikson suggests that if a stage is not successfully resolved, its challenges are likely to resurface later in life. The eight stages are as follows:
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (First Year of Life): The mother serves as the most significant figure of reference, with the core question being: Can I trust my world? This stage is successfully navigated when the fear of not having one’s needs fulfilled (such as nourishment or affection) is conquered.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Ages 2-3): The parents serve as the most crucial role models. The key question at this stage is: Is it acceptable for me to be myself? This phase is successfully navigated when a sense of autonomy (like being able to dress oneself without help) becomes stronger than feelings of shame and self-doubt.
Initiative vs. Guilt (Ages 4-5): The family becomes the primary point of reference, prompting the child to ask: Is my behavior acceptable? This stage is successfully navigated when the child learns to take initiative and manage feelings of guilt.
Industry vs. inferiority (Ages 6-11): The social circle widens to encompass neighbors and other children from school. The main concern at this stage is whether one can achieve success in the broader world. Essential aspects of this phase include learning and engaging in productive activities. It is considered successful if the child navigates these tasks without feeling inferior or overwhelmed.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Ages 12-18): Role models and peer groups serve as crucial reference points. The central issue revolves around understanding one’s position within society. Successfully navigating this phase involves developing a clear sense of identity.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood): Friends and partners play a crucial role during this phase, as they are the key figures in determining one’s capacity for love. The phase is completed when a balance between intimacy and isolation is reached.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood): An individual’s home and workplace serve as crucial reference points. They contemplate the extent and nature of their contributions across various aspects of life. This stage is deemed successful when a balance between generativity and stagnation is achieved.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age): The world acts as the benchmark. The key inquiry is whether a person feels their life was fulfilling. This stage is accomplished when an individual achieves ‘wisdom,’ which implies they can find peace with the concept of death and view their past life positively