1. Definition
Kussmaul breathing is a type of deep, fast, and labored breathing that happens when the body is trying to get rid of too much acid in the blood. The body uses this breathing pattern to blow off extra carbon dioxide, which helps lower the acid levels in the blood.
2. Risk factor
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Kidney Failure
- Lactic Acidosis
- Severe Infections (Sepsis)
- Toxins or Poisoning
- Hyperchloremic Acidosis
- Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
- Liver Failure
3. Measurement
3.1 Respiratory rate
- Normal range 12-20 breaths per minute in adults.
- Kussmaul pattern: Rapid respiratory rate (tachypnea), often above 20 breaths per minute.
3.2 Tidal Volume
- Definition The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath.
- Kussmaul pattern: Deep breaths with increased tidal volume, sometimes over 500-600 mL in adults.
3.3 Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
- Used to assess: The acid-base balance in the body.
- Typical findings in Kussmaul breathing:
- Low pH (acidotic) – below 7.35.
- Low bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels – often in metabolic acidosis.
- Potentially decreased CO₂ due to respiratory compensation.
3.4 Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
- Normal range: 95-100%.
- Kussmaul breathing may show normal or near-normal oxygen saturation despite abnormal breathing patterns, as it primarily relates to metabolic acidosis rather than respiratory dysfunction.
3.5 Observation of Breathing Pattern
- Kussmaul breathing is often described as:
- Continuous deep, rapid breaths (not in intermittent bursts).
- Labored, but rhythmic and sustained.
- No pauses in breathing, as seen in Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
4. Treatment
- Insulin therapy
- Fluid replacement
- Dialysis
- Oxygen therapy